The recent signing of a 30-year US-Saudi civilian nuclear cooperation agreement on July 22, 2026, has advanced the process, with US Energy Secretary Chris Wright and Saudi Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman formalizing the deal alongside bilateral safeguards. However, as a Section 123 agreement under the Atomic Energy Act, it must undergo congressional review, during which lawmakers from both parties may raise concerns over uranium enrichment provisions and nonproliferation standards. The 90-day review window, combined with the need for final implementation steps, creates timing and procedural hurdles that explain why traders assign a slim majority probability to the agreement not entering into force in 2026.