Pakistan has conducted multiple airstrikes into Afghanistan in recent weeks as part of its ongoing Operation Ghazab lil Haq, targeting alleged hideouts of the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and affiliated groups blamed for cross-border attacks. The latest strikes on October 1 hit locations in Kunar and Helmand provinces, with Islamabad reporting 22 militants killed and Kabul claiming nine civilian deaths, including women and children. Escalation followed a major September attack in Kohat, Pakistan, that killed over 30 people and prompted retaliatory raids after a period of relative calm. The core driver remains Islamabad’s accusations that Afghan territory serves as a sanctuary for TTP and Baloch militants, while Kabul denies the charges and condemns the strikes as sovereignty violations. Trader focus centers on whether further Pakistani operations will occur amid failed diplomacy, continued militant incidents, and risks of broader clashes along the Durand Line.