South Dakota voters will decide Constitutional Amendment J on November 3, 2026, which would explicitly disqualify noncitizens from voting in state and local elections by amending Article VII of the state constitution. The legislature referred the measure after discovering accidental noncitizen registrations tied to driver’s license processes and enacting related proof-of-citizenship and voter-challenge laws effective in 2026. South Dakota’s Republican legislative majority and conservative electorate have produced broad support for clarifying citizenship requirements, with minimal organized opposition or polling indicating strong resistance. Trader consensus at 97.6% reflects the state’s partisan composition, the absence of competitive campaigns against the amendment, and historical passage rates for similar legislatively referred measures. Late legal challenges, unusually high opposition turnout, or court interventions before certification remain the primary scenarios that could still shift the outcome.